I. Vári-Szilágyi
The Original Role-Concept of G. H. Mead and its Later Changes

In the social psychology of the '60s probably the notion of role enjoyed the greatest popularity besides attitude. Although this popularity has markedly decreased by the '90s, role theories still have a substantial influence on social science thinking. When pondering about the viability of the scientific notion, one does well to recount the history of its spreading and transferring, with special regard to the original role concept of H. G. Mead, the father of symbolic interactionism. As the author's historical and theoretical analysis reveals, just in the period when the popularity of the role concept was the highest, the context in which role phenomena were examined, were significantly more superticial than Mead's original attempts at its interpretation. This was able to highlight more deeply the relation of the role and action. Neglecting this has meant that social psychology and sociology have practically left out one possibility to understand better the changes of roles and the emergence of new roles.
 

András Kovács
Latency and Mobilizability

On the basis of a survey on antisemitism among Hungarian college and university students conducted on a nationwide representative sample of 1000 students the author estimates that 7 percent of the students form a group of hard-core anti-semitic while 43 percent of the students are free of all forms of antisemitism. In the present article he investigates the strength of latency in the group and finds that only a small proportion of the interviewees measurement should not be substantially corrected by the proportion of latent anti-semitic. In the second part of the article the author measutes the proportion of students who could be the avant-garde of political antisemitism in the future elite.
 

Mária Székelyi-Zsuzsa Solymosi
Entrepreneurial or Employee Mentality

The paper was written on the basis of data collection by questionnaire done in 1980 and 1989 in identical populations (in two graduate cohorts of men who completed their studies at the day courses of the Technical Universit)r of Budapest).

The paper surveys the changes of engineers' incomes and satisfaction with them during ten years and it presents the modifications of attitudes related to enterprise. The more pliable attitudes of the 80s were not attached to realities but to desires. Yet those who had seen a more attractive perspective in enterprise, availed themselves of the opportunity and have, by the late 80s either become entrepreneurs, or at least assess free career positively.

The two cohorts, because of their different personal history, have shown different features in their behaviour as well as in assessing the economic, social and political crisis. This is also reflected in the set of vies which can be studied from the angle of entrepreneurial versus employee mentality.

The paper ends with outlining the political value choices that can be more or less strongly linked to the above mentioned features.
 

Rudolf Andorka-Bruce Headey-Peter Krause
The Role of Economic and Political Imperatives in System Transformation:
Hungary and East Germany 1990-1994

The changes of income, employment, satisfaction and anomie in Hungary and East Germany since the regime change are analysed on the basis of the household income panel surveys of the iwo countries and other surveys. Data from West Germany are presented for comparison. The transition followed a rather different path in Hungary and East Germany. The average real per capita income increased in East Germany and declined in Hungary. Income inequality increased in Hungary and attains more or less the level observed in West Germany, but remained more or less stable at the much lower level in East Germany. Unemployment increased to a higher level in East Germany than in Hungary. The level of dissatisfaction with personal income is higher in Hungary than in East Germany. Indicators of psychological anxieiy and of anomie do not support the hypothesis of higher anxiety and anomie in Hungary. It is concluded that in Hungary the transition was dominated more by economic imperatives and in East Germany more by political imperatives, i.e. by the goal of maintaining the legitimation of the direction of the transition toward markel economy and political democracy. Hungary had no other choice than to permit the economic imperatives prevail, while the massive help from West Germany permitted to mitigate the impact of economic imperatives in East-Germany. In spite of these differences the legitimation of the markel economy and of democracy does not seem to undermined in Hungary.
 

László Csontos
Some Approaches to the Study of the Relationships between Privatisation and the Changes of the Internal Structure of Hierarchical Economic Organisations

The present writing wishes to offer certain approaches to the empirical and theoretical study of privatisation and the changes of the internal structure of hierarchical economic organisations. During the course of our investigations we wish to find out among others how the strategic interactions (factional fights and struggles for position, efforts to defend and to acquire status) generated by privatisation have influenced the networks of relationships on the level of workshop and factory. As decision-making is inevitably centralised, or at least has several centres in the organisational hierarchies, it is highly probable that one may often observe such forms of behavior even within economic organisations the objective of which is to influence the decision-makers and/or the rules of decision-making. It is demonstrated that such efforts towards obtaining annuity extending over the entire political and macro economic arena. One of the starting points of our analysis is the hypothesis that there is a constant - overt or covert - struggle in the economic organisations around the distribution of organisational annuity created by the owners of the specific resources of the organisation. The forms of manifestation of the distributive conftict are called the acquisition of annuity and influence within the organisation, and during the course of research we are going to survey the relationships between such efforts towards the acquisition of annuity and influence and privatisation in the sphere of the Hungarian economic organisations.
 

Tamás Gyekiczky
Social Networks and the Civic Organisations of the Labour Market

The paper attempts to analyse the civic organisations aiming at the improvement of the situation of the unemployed. Its methodological starting point is network analysis, in other words, the exploration of the different levels of human relations operating in the various organisations of the unemployed. The finding of the paper is that the set of institutions based on the network of human cooperation is often more flexible and efficient than the policy of the state related to the labour market.
 

Iván Bajomi
Participation of Professional Interest Groups and Political Forces in the Creation of the Act on Public Education

In my paper I wish to analyse the emergence of the Act on Public Education, passed in 1993, from the angle of the opportunities of those concerned, namely of the different interest groups, professional and political organisations for influencing the legislative process. In addition to the related newspaper articles, papers and books, I have used the different variants of the bill and the proposals that were written in connection with the bili and have been accessible and have also utilised ten interviews in depth made with experts, officials and representatives of different professional and lay interest organisations who had been involved in the process of law making. The paper was commissioned by the National Institute of Public Education and by the SVO of the Netherlands, the interviews were made by the author of the paper, by Tibor Papházy, András Lugosi and András Máth within the framework of the research project entitled "Educational Interest Organisations in Hungary", financed by the National Fund for Scientific Research.